Chronicles from Jesus to Americas

5th century B.C: Alexander the great conquered middle east (Turkey, Egypt, Iran...) => the dominance of Greek culture.

30s BC: Roman Empire had started from the small town of Rome and conquered many areas up to Germany in the north, Spain and Portugal to the west, and Turkey to the east.

4th A.D (330):  The Roman Emperor, Constantine, recognized Christianity as the religion of the empire, and announced "Constantinople" as the new Rome.

4th A.D (390): Upon the barbarian invasion, the Roman empire was divided to two parts: the west and the east, so-called Byzantine, where the emperors were the descendants of Roman Empire. Byzantine empire ruled over the east with Greek culture: Turkey, Greece, Balkan, Egypt, Syria, Palestine, ... not Iraq as there have been always fight over it between Iran and Byzantine empire.

7th-8th A.D: Islam dominated Middle east (Iran, Egypt, Palestine, ...), Africa, south of Spain, Sicily, but not Turkey or Egypt as they remained under the power of Byzantine.

10th-13th centuries: The Silk Road; and also The Crusades which were a series of wars blessed by Pope between Muslims and Christians to restore the holy places in and near Jerusalem. 

13th: the conquest of Mongols, and the loss of Islamic power.

14th: the Black Death.

15th-16th: The Islamic emperors: the Turks established the Ottoman empire (remained until WWI), by taking the middle east and also turning to Islam,  Safavid in Iran, Mughals (Timorlane) in the east Asia.